Below is a carefully structured set of 300 exam‐style questions—divided unit‐wise—to help you practice and revise Class XII Physics (academic session 2025–26). These questions cover definitions, conceptual ideas, derivations, numerical problems, and application‐based queries. It have been compiled in close accordance with the prescribed syllabus for each unit.
Unit I: Electrostatics (1–35)
1. Define electric charge and explain the principle of its conservation.2. State Coulomb’s law and describe the significance of its proportionality constant.
3. How does the force between two point charges vary with distance and charge magnitude?
4. Explain the concept of superposition of forces in the context of electrostatics.
5. What is the SI unit of electric charge?
6. Define the electric field. How is it related to the force experienced by a test charge?
7. Write the expression for the electric field due to a point charge.
8. What is electric flux? Write its SI unit.
9. State Gauss’s law.
10. Use Gauss’s law to find the electric field due to a uniformly charged spherical shell.
11. Define equipotential surface. State its properties.
12. What is an electric dipole? Write its dipole moment.
13. Derive the expression for the electric field due to a dipole on its axial line.
14. Derive the expression for the electric field due to a dipole on its equatorial line.
15. What is the torque on an electric dipole in a uniform electric field?
16. Define electric potential energy of a system of two point charges.
17. Derive an expression for the potential due to a point charge.
18. Define capacitance and write its SI unit.
19. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.
20. What is dielectric? How does it affect the capacitance?
21. State the principle of a capacitor and give its energy stored formula.
22. Explain energy stored in a capacitor and derive the expression.
23. What is a combination of capacitors in series and parallel?
24. State the formula for equivalent capacitance in parallel combination.
25. State the formula for equivalent capacitance in series combination.
26. Derive the expression for energy stored in a capacitor in terms of Q and C.
27. What happens to the energy stored when dielectric is introduced?
28. Explain electrostatic shielding with an example.
29. What is electric potential gradient?
30. Explain the concept of potential energy in a system of charges.
31. Show that the electric field inside a conductor is zero.
32. What is polarization of a dielectric in an electric field?
33. What is electric dipole moment and write its vector form.
34. Describe the uses of capacitors in electrical circuits.
35. Give one practical application of electrostatics in daily life.
Unit II: Current Electricity (36–70)
36. Define electric current and state its SI unit.37. What are the microscopic origins of electric current in conductors?
38. Explain the concept of drift velocity and its relation to current.
39. State Ohm’s law and discuss conditions under which it is valid.
40. Differentiate between resistance and resistivity.
41. How does temperature affect the resistance of a metallic conductor?
42. Describe the significance of conductivity in different materials.
43. Define electromotive force (emf) and internal resistance.
44. Derive the relation between terminal voltage, emf, and internal resistance of a cell.
45. What happens to the terminal voltage when the internal resistance of a battery increases?
46. Explain the rule for combining resistors in series with formula.
47. Explain the rule for combining resistors in parallel with formula.
48. What is a Wheatstone bridge? Explain how it is used to determine an unknown resistance.
49. Describe the construction and working of a meter bridge.
50. State and explain Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) with a circuit diagram.
51. State and explain Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) with a circuit diagram.
52. What is potential drop? How is it different from emf?
53. Explain the principle of a potentiometer.
54. Derive the expression for balancing length in a potentiometer.
55. What is the advantage of using a potentiometer over a voltmeter?
56. Define electric power and write its SI unit.
57. Derive the expression for power dissipated in a resistor.
58. State and explain Joule’s law of heating.
59. How is energy consumed by an appliance calculated in kWh?
60. What is the difference between an ohmic and a non-ohmic conductor?
61. How is current density defined and what is its relation with electric field?
62. Derive the relation between current density, conductivity, and electric field.
63. What is mobility of charge carriers? Give its SI unit.
64. Derive the relation between drift velocity and current.
65. How does the length and cross-sectional area of a conductor affect its resistance?
66. What is the effect of temperature on resistivity of semiconductors?
67. Calculate the current through a 5 Ω resistor connected to a 10 V battery.
68. A 6 V battery has an internal resistance of 1 Ω. Find the current if the external resistance is 5 Ω.
69. What is the purpose of a fuse in an electric circuit?70. Name one application of Kirchhoff’s rules in real life.
Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current & Magnetism (71–110)
71. Define magnetic field and its SI unit.72. State Biot-Savart law and explain the terms involved.
73. Derive the expression for magnetic field at the center of a circular loop carrying current.
74. State Ampere’s circuital law and apply it to an infinitely long straight wire.
75. Apply Ampere’s law to derive the magnetic field inside a long solenoid.
76. Derive the expression for magnetic field in a toroid.
77. What is the force between two parallel current-carrying conductors?
78. Define magnetic dipole moment of a current loop.
79. Derive torque acting on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field.
80. Derive the expression for magnetic potential energy of a magnetic dipole.
81. What is the magnetic moment of a solenoid?
82. Compare bar magnet and solenoid on the basis of field lines.
83. What is magnetization? Define magnetic susceptibility.
84. Differentiate between paramagnetic and diamagnetic substances.
85. Explain hysteresis loop with a graph.
86. Define coercivity and retentivity.
87. What is the importance of soft and hard magnetic materials?
88. State Gauss’s law for magnetism.
89. Describe magnetic field due to Earth.
90. Define magnetic inclination and declination.
91. State the right-hand thumb rule for straight conductor.
92. What is the working principle of a moving coil galvanometer?
93. Derive expression for current sensitivity of a galvanometer.
94. How can a galvanometer be converted into an ammeter?
95. How can a galvanometer be converted into a voltmeter?
96. What is a shunt? What is its use?
97. Define magnetic permeability and relative permeability.
98. Draw magnetic field lines due to a bar magnet.
99. How are field lines different in solenoid and toroid?
100. What is the net magnetic flux through a closed surface?
101. Explain the concept of magnetic dip.
102. State and explain Fleming's left-hand rule.
103. Explain how magnetic field is produced in circular loop.
104. Write properties of magnetic field lines.
105. What is torque on a rectangular coil in magnetic field?
106. Explain the magnetic field of Earth.
107. Define magnetic intensity (H).
108. Differentiate between B and H in magnetism.
109. Explain the use of magnetic materials in transformers.
110. Describe one practical use of magnetic shielding.
Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and AC (111–145)
111. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.112. Explain Lenz’s law with an example.
113. Derive expression for EMF induced in a coil rotating in a uniform magnetic field.
114. Define self-inductance and give its SI unit.
115. Define mutual inductance and give one example.
116. Derive expression for energy stored in an inductor.
117. What is eddy current? Give its applications.
118. What is a transformer? State its principle.
119. Derive the relation for voltage in an ideal transformer.
120. Explain step-up and step-down transformer.
121. What is AC? Define its amplitude and frequency.
122. Write the equation of instantaneous EMF in AC.
123. Define peak value and RMS value of AC.
124. Derive the relation between peak and RMS values.
125. What is power factor in AC? How is it important?
126. Define reactance and impedance in AC circuit.
127. Explain phase difference in AC with diagram.
128. Derive expression for impedance in LCR circuit.
129. Explain resonance in LCR series circuit.
130. Define bandwidth and Q-factor.
131. Explain wattless current.
132. What is average power consumed in LCR circuit?
133. Derive power factor expression in AC circuit.
134. What is choke coil and its use?
135. Explain energy loss due to eddy current.
136. Why iron core of transformer is laminated?
137. What is back EMF? When does it occur?
138. Derive the time-varying current in an inductor.
139. What is the difference between DC and AC?
140. What is an alternating current generator?
141. Explain use of AC in power transmission.
142. Explain working of AC dynamo.
143. Describe effect of varying magnetic field on conductor.
144. Explain induced EMF in solenoid when current changes.
145. What is self-induction and how is it used in ignition coil?
Unit V: Electromagnetic Waves (146–165)
146. Define electromagnetic wave and its nature.147. Derive the relation between electric and magnetic field in EM wave.
148. What are Maxwell’s equations? Write any two.
149. State characteristics of EM waves.
150. Explain displacement current and its role.
151. Name different parts of EM spectrum.
152. Give two uses of microwaves and UV radiation.
153. How are EM waves produced by oscillating charges?
154. State uses of infrared and radio waves.
155. What is the velocity of EM waves in vacuum?
156. What are gamma rays and their applications?
157. Differentiate between X-rays and UV rays.
158. Explain the transverse nature of EM waves.
159. Define intensity of EM wave.
160. State the energy relation in EM wave.
161. How are EM waves polarized?
162. What is the source of infrared radiation?
163. Explain use of EM waves in satellite communication.
164. State one medical use of X-rays.
165. Write Maxwell’s correction to Ampere’s law.
Unit VI: Optics (166–220)
166. Define reflection and refraction.167. State laws of reflection and refraction.
168. What is the refractive index? Derive Snell’s law.
169. What is total internal reflection? State its conditions.
170. Derive expression for critical angle.
171. Explain working of optical fiber.
172. Derive mirror formula and magnification.
173. Derive lens formula and magnification.
174. State lens maker’s formula.
175. Define power of a lens.
176. Draw ray diagram for concave and convex mirror.
177. Define focal length and radius of curvature.
178. Explain combination of lenses.
179. State sign convention for spherical lenses.
180. Derive expression for focal length in combination of lenses.
181. What is dispersion? Explain with prism diagram.
182. What is angular dispersion?
183. Define resolving power of optical instruments.
184. Explain working of a compound microscope.
185. Explain working of an astronomical telescope.
186. Define magnifying power and angular magnification.
187. Derive magnification formula of microscope.
188. Derive magnification formula of telescope.
189. What is interference of light?
190. Derive expression for fringe width in YDSE.
191. Explain conditions for constructive and destructive interference.
192. State importance of coherent sources.
193. What is diffraction? Explain single slit diffraction.
194. What is Rayleigh’s criterion of resolution?
195. State and explain polarization.
196. What are polaroids? Write their uses.
197. Define Brewster’s angle and its significance.
198. Derive expression for optical path.
199. What is total angular magnification?
200. Explain phase change on reflection.
201. What is Huygens’ principle?
202. Prove laws of reflection using wavefronts.
203. Prove laws of refraction using wavefronts.
204. Define plane wavefront and spherical wavefront.
205. Explain deviation in a prism.
206. Derive expression for minimum deviation in prism.
207. What are interference fringes?
208. Explain Newton’s rings experiment.
209. Derive condition for bright and dark rings in Newton’s rings.
210. What is diffraction grating?
211. Define grating element and order of spectrum.
212. What is resolving power of a grating?
213. Derive relation for dispersive power.
214. State application of diffraction and interference.
215. Explain uses of polarized light.
216. Describe birefringence with examples.
217. Explain use of Nicol prism.
218. Explain optical activity and specific rotation.
219. How is wavelength measured using diffraction grating?
220. Describe Michelson’s interferometer.
Unit VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation (221–240)
221. State Einstein’s photoelectric equation.222. Define threshold frequency and stopping potential.
223. Explain effect of intensity on photoelectric current.
224. What is work function? Write its unit.
225. Explain photon energy and momentum.
226. What are characteristics of photons?
227. Describe the photoelectric experiment and observations.
228. State laws of photoelectric emission.
229. What are de Broglie waves?
230. Derive de Broglie wavelength expression.
231. State Davisson and Germer experiment.
232. What does electron diffraction prove?
233. Write properties of matter waves.
234. What is wave-particle duality?
235. What is Heisenberg uncertainty principle?
236. State one application of photoelectric effect.
237. Explain variation of photocurrent with intensity.
238. Draw graph of stopping potential vs frequency.
239. What is quantum theory of radiation?
240. Give two applications of de Broglie waves.
Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei (241–270)
241. Describe Rutherford’s alpha scattering experiment.242. State conclusions of Rutherford’s model.
243. Give drawbacks of Rutherford’s model.
244. State Bohr’s postulates.
245. Derive radius of nth orbit of hydrogen atom.
246. Derive velocity of electron in Bohr’s model.
247. Derive energy expression of electron in Bohr’s orbit.
248. Calculate energy levels for hydrogen atom.
249. Define ionization energy.
250. What is excitation potential?
251. What is line spectrum of hydrogen atom?
252. Explain energy level diagram of hydrogen.
253. What is mass defect?
254. Define binding energy and its unit.
255. Derive expression for binding energy per nucleon.
256. What is nuclear fission and write its equation.
257. Explain nuclear fusion and give example.
258. What is radioactivity?
259. Explain alpha, beta and gamma decay.
260. Define half-life and decay constant.
261. Derive relation between half-life and decay constant.
262. What is activity of a radioactive substance?
263. Write applications of radioactive isotopes.
264. Define nuclear reactor and its components.
265. Explain chain reaction in nuclear fission.
266. State advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy.
267. What is neutron moderation?
268. Define nuclear density.
269. How is energy released in fission and fusion?
270. Give use of nuclear fusion in stars.
Unit IX: Electronic Devices (271–300)
271. Define energy bands in solids.272. Differentiate between conductors, insulators and semiconductors.
273. What is intrinsic semiconductor?
274. Explain extrinsic semiconductors with types.
275. What is p-n junction?
276. Explain formation of depletion region.
277. Explain biasing of a p-n junction.
278. Draw I-V characteristics of diode.
279. Define forward and reverse bias.
280. What is Zener diode? Explain its use as voltage regulator.
281. What is breakdown voltage?
282. Draw I-V characteristics of Zener diode.
283. What is photodiode? Write its applications.
284. Define LED and its advantages.
285. What is solar cell? Explain its working.
286. What is transistor? Name its types.
287. Draw and explain input and output characteristics of transistor.
288. Define current gain in CE configuration.
289. Explain transistor as an amplifier.
290. What is logic gate? Define OR and AND gates.
291. Draw truth table for NAND and NOR gates.
292. What is rectifier? Explain half-wave rectifier.
293. Explain full-wave rectifier with circuit diagram.
294. What is filter circuit?
295. What is oscillator? Write its principle.
296. What is modulation? Why is it needed?
297. Define carrier and modulating signal.
298. What is demodulation?
299. What is transistor biasing?
300. State applications of transistors.
Dear Students,
The time has come to show the world the strength of your dedication and the depth of your knowledge. Your hard work, sleepless nights, and countless revisions are about to pay off.
Believe in yourself, stay calm, and give your best—success will surely follow.
Exams are just a chapter, not the whole story—so give it your all and keep smiling through it.
Wishing you clarity of mind, confidence in your answers, and flying colors in your results!
– Anand Khuman